Part 1 – Introducing the Problem

The Underestimated Value of Layer-0 Solutions: Unlocking the Future of Interoperability in Blockchain

Part 1 – Introducing the Problem

Blockchain’s evolution has been anchored around consensus, capacity, and utility—Layer-1 and Layer-2 innovations dominate the discourse. Yet one layer below lies a largely unacknowledged element: Layer-0. Despite its foundational role in enabling cross-chain interoperability, system consensus coordination, and message propagation, Layer-0 remains deeply misunderstood even among crypto natives. As developers focus on DeFi protocols, scaling via zero-knowledge rollups, or asset bridges, they often overlook the infrastructure that actually makes many of these components possible. This blind spot carries consequences.

Interoperability is frequently treated as a solvable problem—an engineering wrinkle smoothed by light clients or stateless bridges. The reality is far deeper. As blockchain networks increasingly become application-specific and modular, the fractured communication between ecosystems is forming data silos. Layer-1 solutions like Ethereum and Avalanche exhibit distinct consensus models and transaction finality standards, making standardizing cross-chain communication costlier—both in dev time and trust assumptions. Layer-2s exacerbate this, creating hierarchy within chains without solving the problem between them.

Historically, cross-chain efforts centralized around token bridging, which created attack surfaces now well-documented through nine-figure exploits. But even robust cryptographic bridges still rest on assumptions that Layer-0 frameworks are meant to solve: who determines message integrity, and how is finality enforced across disparate consensus mechanisms without introducing centralization?

The lack of standardized communication protocols across chains results in fragmented state execution and duplicated validator layers. This problem compounds for infrastructure providers building wallets, oracles, or zero-knowledge applications requiring chain-spanning proofs. Projects like ARPA have run into friction when integrating secure computation in environments lacking cohesive Layer-0 standardization, often forced to customize messaging pathways for each L1 they touch. This not only slows deployment but also increases the surface area for failure.

So why has Layer-0 remained obscure? Partly because its contributions are often invisible—similar to the role of TCP/IP in the internet. We see the applications, not the protocols. More critically, responsibility for solving this problem falls across multiple stakeholders—app developers, core protocol teams, and infrastructure projects—without a single entity owning the problem. This diffusion of responsibility delays progress.

Layer-0 is not just a messaging layer. It has the potential to redefine how disparate blockchain environments trust each other, how value moves, and how seamless data synchronization unfolds across the decentralized web. But it also carries risks of introducing new failure modes and protocols with unclear security guarantees. Future exploration must dissect these tradeoffs.

Part 2 – Exploring Potential Solutions

Cross-Chain Solutions and Layer-0 Interoperability Frameworks: A Technical Deep Dive

The current landscape of blockchain interoperability is fragmented—Layer-1 networks operate in isolated ecosystems, with bridges acting as risky middleware. Layer-0 technology proposes a base-layer solution, embedding interoperability into the protocol stack itself. Several key architectural patterns are emerging to address the limitations of legacy interoperability tools. Each offers a distinct trade-off between security, scalability, and decentralization.

Interchain Messaging Protocols

One major approach is the use of general-purpose interchain messaging protocols. Cosmos' Inter-Blockchain Communication (IBC) exemplifies this model, enabling trust-minimized communication between heterogeneous chains. Unlike centralized bridges, IBC secures transactions through light clients and relayers. However, IBC's dependence on Tendermint-based consensus limits its applicability outside the Cosmos ecosystem. Cross-compatibility with non-Cosmos chains is a non-trivial engineering challenge, mainly due to varying consensus algorithms and finality assumptions.

Consensus-Agnostic Layer-0s

Projects like Polkadot introduce consensus-agnostic Layer-0s that coordinate the security and cross-chain messaging of parachains. By leveraging a shared security model, Polkadot alleviates the need for third-party bridges. But this design raises its own issues—the Relay Chain can become a bottleneck, and slot auctions constrain network inclusivity for dApps. Moreover, onboarding a chain requires extensive custom development in Substrate, limiting adoption outside of Polkadot-native projects.

zk-SNARK Based Verification

Zero-knowledge cryptography provides another theoretical path to interoperability. Using zk-SNARKs, proof aggregation schemes can validate cross-chain state changes without exposing the transaction content. This method could drastically reduce the surface area for bridge attacks. Still, building reliable zk-based cross-chain systems is computationally intensive and lacks mature developer tooling. ARPA’s secure multiparty computation (SMPC) frameworks share overlapping goals, though they operate at a different layer of the tech stack. For more technical insights into privacy-preserving computation methods, see https://bestdapps.com/blogs/news/arpa-unleashed-secure-computation-in-blockchain.

Decentralized Routing Protocols

Layer-0 routing protocols, like LayerZero or Router Protocol, focus on endpoint-driven architecture, where smart contracts communicate via ultra-light clients. While novel, these solutions introduce dependencies on off-chain oracles and relayers. The security model often relies on economic incentives rather than cryptographic guarantees, which opens them to MEV extraction and latency-based attacks.

These technologies reflect the broader movement towards building interoperability into the substrate of blockchain itself, rather than tacking it on as an afterthought. In Part 3, we’ll move beyond theory to examine how real-world ecosystems implement—or struggle to implement—these interoperability primitives.

Part 3 – Real-World Implementations

Implementing Layer-0 Interoperability: Case Studies from the Front Lines

Several blockchain ecosystems have attempted to tackle interoperability from a Layer-0 perspective, each with varying degrees of success. Polkadot, for example, utilizes a shared security model where parachains connect to the main Relay Chain via slots, enabling cross-chain messaging and computation. While its Cross-Consensus Messaging (XCM) format is a notable innovation, the bonding and auction mechanism for parachain slots has introduced high barriers to entry for smaller projects. Furthermore, security centralization around the Relay Chain has raised concerns about bottlenecks and systemic risk during congestion events.

Cosmos, through its Inter-Blockchain Communication (IBC) protocol, offers a more modular strategy for Layer-0 interoperability. Unlike Polkadot, Cosmos does not impose shared security by default, allowing each chain to customize its validator set. While this flexibility has led to wide adoption across ecosystems like Osmosis and Juno, the downside is significant fragmentation in trust assumptions. Chains that fail to properly implement robust validator incentives have suffered from low Nakamoto coefficients, weakening cross-chain reliability.

A lesser-known player, the ARPA Network, introduces a different dimension by leveraging threshold cryptography to enable secure multi-party computation across chains. Rather than focusing solely on transferring assets, ARPA enables interoperable computation—critical for cross-chain privacy-preserving applications. Despite its technical promise, its adoption has been slowed by complex validator game theory and skepticism around usage incentives. Nevertheless, its role in enabling privacy-first smart contract execution has drawn attention. For a closer look at ARPA's privacy infrastructure, see https://bestdapps.com/blogs/news/unlocking-privacy-the-power-of-arpa-blockchain.

LayerZero Labs, while often categorized as middleware, has pushed trustless communication further with its Ultra Light Node (ULN) validation model. While praised for reducing on-chain bloat, critics argue that its optional use of trusted third-party oracles creates a weak trust model in decentralized communications. This dual-mode architecture complicates auditability and can obfuscate where exactly trust lies within the system.

Technical hurdles across all projects include cross-chain state verification, latency amplification from third-party relays, and data availability for light clients. Even when interoperability is achieved in theory, actual application-layer integration often falters due to differing block times, logic incompatibility, and governance misalignment.

These early experiments illustrate that Layer-0 is not a panacea. Each architecture introduces trade-offs that must be weighed carefully depending on network goals, user bases, and required security assurances.

Part 4 – Future Evolution & Long-Term Implications

Layer-0 Networks and the Road Ahead: Integration, Scalability, and Experimental Frontiers

The trajectory of Layer-0 protocols is being shaped by a convergence of interoperability imperatives, protocol-native scalability ambitions, and their integration pathways with adjacent innovations like zero-knowledge proofs and off-chain computation. While Layer-1 chains remain entangled in throughput debates, Layer-0 protocols are pivoting toward embedding natively cross-chain environments, designed to scale horizontally with minimal fragmentation.

The evolution of transport protocol architectures is one of the most active areas of innovation—shifting focus from message-passing frameworks to light-client-based consensus verification. This architectural evolution, still nascent, has the potential to reduce dependency on trust-minimized bridges, where validator collusion or economic misalignment can still pose threats. However, this trustless vision comes at the cost of latency and computational complexity, especially in chains that lack light client support or have non-standard consensus implementations.

Emerging hybrid models are also gaining traction, where Layer-0s complement data availability layers or integrate with rollup-centric ecosystems. The modular approach enables developers to choose execution, consensus, and settlement layers independently, potentially aligning Layer-0s as connective middleware. Here, tight integration with zero-knowledge virtual machines (zkVMs) could be pivotal. Projects experimenting with recursive ZK-proofs across domains may find Layer-0s useful for state attestation between disparate systems, although this introduces recursive cost, proof size limitations, and cross-domain synchronization challenges.

Additionally, as confidential computation gains attention, the interplay between secure multiparty computation (sMPC) and Layer-0 technologies holds experimental potential. While sMPC solutions—like those featured in ARPA Chain—introduce multi-party verifiability for secure off-chain tasks, they rely on robust messaging layers that Layer-0s may eventually standardize. This cross-pollination could yield composable privacy-preserving interoperability models, especially as explored in https://bestdapps.com/blogs/news/arpa-unleashed-secure-computation-in-blockchain.

However, fragmentation among Layer-0s themselves presents risks of protocol balkanization. Without standardization of cross-domain operability, each Layer-0 environment risks becoming a silo of its own. The absence of shared protocol semantics and execution logic may lead to long-term ecosystem incompatibilities, unless meta-interoperability standards or abstracted middleware layers emerge.

Looking forward, as Layer-0s push into AI integration, decentralized identity anchoring, and decentralized physical infrastructure networks (DePINs), the need for governance structures that can adapt across multi-chain topologies becomes critical—a theme that transitions directly into the next focus: governance, decentralization models, and the mechanics of protocol-level decision-making.

Part 5 – Governance & Decentralization Challenges

Governance and Decentralization Trade-Offs in Layer-0 Protocols

Layer-0 protocols, by design, aim to serve as the foundational infrastructure enabling interoperability between disparate blockchains. However, this foundational role requires strong governance mechanisms—mechanisms that must walk a tightrope between operational efficiency and credible neutrality. The way Layer-0 solutions govern themselves directly impacts their resilience, security, and ultimately, their adoption in real-world, multi-chain ecosystems.

A fundamental challenge lies in choosing between a centralized versus decentralized governance architecture. Centralized governance typically enables faster decision-making, but comes at the cost of censorship resistance and user trust. Developer teams or foundations may retain too much control, creating single points of failure vulnerable to regulatory capture or coercion. Projects such as Internet Computer (ICP), despite technically innovative designs, have faced scrutiny over their opaque and top-heavy governance models. For a deeper examination of these challenges, see https://bestdapps.com/blogs/news/empowering-decentralization-governance-in-icp.

On the flip side, decentralized governance—through DAOs or token-weighted voting schemes—can introduce its own vulnerabilities. In most existing models, governance tokens are unevenly distributed, often weighted heavily toward early investors, treasuries, and core contributors. This leads to de facto plutocratic control, where the most capital-rich entities decide protocol upgrades, funding distribution, and interoperability policies. This dynamic not only undermines the premise of decentralization but also exposes Layer-0 protocols to governance capture by dominant players or state actors.

Furthermore, the incentives to actively participate in governance are misaligned. Token holders with vast power may lack protocol-specific investment or even technical fluency, reducing the quality and engagement of governance outcomes. Worse, under-specified on-chain governance mechanisms often leave Layer-0 protocols exposed to governance attacks—coordinated efforts where malicious actors acquire voting power (through token accumulation or delegation) to push through harmful proposals or block vital updates.

An additional, often overlooked critique concerns the delegation model itself. Liquid token staking—common in many governance systems—enables participants to gain influence without locking their capital, opening up new attack surfaces like flash governance attacks and rapid vote mobilization.

Layer-0 protocols must reconcile these governance trade-offs while avoiding the mistakes of both DeFi and Layer-1 systems. For instance, projects that effectively separate technical upgrades from capital-weighted voting—while using quadratic voting, reputation-based metrics, or tiered stakeholders—may achieve better consensus quality without drifting into technocracy or mob rule.

Part 6 will examine the scalability and engineering trade-offs involved in bringing Layer-0 solutions from theory to large-scale real-world implementation.

Part 6 – Scalability & Engineering Trade-Offs

Scalability vs Decentralization vs Security: The Layer-0 Balancing Act

The scalability dilemma in blockchain becomes more acute at the Layer-0 level, where protocol-level designs dictate the capabilities of Layer-1 and Layer-2 systems built on top. Layer-0 aims to unify disparate blockchains—but doing so at scale introduces a multi-dimensional set of engineering trade-offs. Any attempt to optimize for scalability inevitably places pressure on decentralization and security.

Consensus mechanisms lie at the heart of these trade-offs. Proof of Work (PoW)-centric Layer-0 networks tend to favor decentralization and security but fall short on speed and scalability. Conversely, Proof of Stake (PoS) or delegated PoS mechanisms, common in Layer-0s like Cosmos and Polkadot, offer higher throughput and lower transaction finality but depend heavily on validator set integrity. This introduces new attack surfaces—slashing risks, governance manipulation, and validator collusion—that can compromise trust.

When Layer-0 protocols introduce sharded architectures or relay-chain models to improve parallelism and transaction processing rates, cross-shard synchronization and latency become critical choke points. Engineering around these bottlenecks requires advanced queueing mechanisms and shared state validations, which can in turn reintroduce centralization in the form of coordinator nodes or scheduling managers.

Bridging protocols across multiple sovereign chains with their own consensus layers amplifies engineering complexity. Each chain’s state machine must be interpretable by the Layer-0's peer relay mechanisms, requiring universal language interfaces and wrapped consensus proofs. Solutions like light-client verification or zero-knowledge proofs are emerging, but even these introduce heavy computational costs that can undermine performance at scale.

Furthermore, as Layer-0 projects approach real-world throughput demands, implementation relies increasingly on off-chain infrastructure—indexers, cloud validators, analytic collectors—which violates decentralization assumptions. This tension was noted in Layer-0 privacy-centric systems like ARPA, where off-chain secure multiparty computation adds throughput but limits trustless validation. A context explored further in https://bestdapps.com/blogs/news/unpacking-arpas-major-criticisms-and-challenges.

Scalability cannot be achieved without assuming risks—either by weakening consensus guarantees, reducing validator diversity, or relying on specialized nodes. Designing Layer-0s thus becomes an exercise in prioritization: are we optimizing for protocol neutrality, cross-chain composability, or raw transactional throughput?

These technical decisions operate in parallel with external constraints. Engineering choices that maximize scale and performance often bump up against the brittle edge of regulatory compliance—especially when cross-border data flows, privacy-preserving computation, and jurisdiction-specific crypto controls come into play. This dimension will be examined in depth in Part 7.

Part 7 – Regulatory & Compliance Risks

Regulatory and Compliance Risks Facing Layer-0 Blockchain Solutions

The rise of Layer-0 protocols—designed to foster interoperability between disparate blockchain ecosystems—presents an intricate web of regulatory concerns. These platforms, which enable cross-chain messaging, native asset transfers, and consensus-level bridging, introduce new vectors for legal scrutiny far beyond the surface-level compliance checks familiar to Layer-1 and Layer-2 networks.

First, the ambiguous categorization of Layer-0 infrastructure itself poses a challenge. Unlike Layer-1 chains with native tokens or Layer-2 solutions operating with defined scaling goals, Layer-0s often manage a hybrid of validator governance, relayer networks, and token-based participation across jurisdictions. This makes them especially vulnerable to being interpreted as either “communication facilitators” or “settlement layers” depending on jurisdictional framing—each classification carrying vastly different compliance expectations.

Jurisdictional discrepancies further complicate the landscape. In countries with strict data sovereignty laws, Layer-0s facilitating encrypted cross-chain information exchange may run afoul of statutes demanding data localization. Protocols like ARPA Network, which focus heavily on privacy computation and secure multiparty protocols, highlight just how entangled such concerns can get. For a deeper understanding of how this intersects with communication protocols, see https://bestdapps.com/blogs/news/the-untapped-potential-of-decentralized-communication-protocols-how-blockchain-is-shaping-the-future-of-privacy-and-interoperability.

Moreover, regulatory precedents from earlier blockchain cases loom heavily. Any Layer-0 protocol that enables wrapped asset minting, custodial staking bridges, or interchain swaps could be interpreted as facilitating unregistered securities transfer—if one of its connected chains is deemed to host such an asset under SEC, MAS, or BaFin jurisdiction. The lack of a centralized authority within these decentralized interoperability layers further muddies accountability, creating a legal grey zone around enforcement.

Governmental intervention isn’t theoretical—it’s already manifesting via increased pressure on multi-chain bridges, sanctions on data-sharing protocols, and calls for Know Your Validator standards. If interoperability platforms are seen to facilitate obfuscation of asset origin—especially in circumventing capital controls or sanctions—penalties could extend to developers, node operators, or relayer participants, regardless of jurisdiction.

Tax compliance is an additional blind spot. Cross-chain asset movement facilitated via Layer-0 protocols may escape typical DeFi reporting tools, challenging both regulators and users. Without standardized provenance records, tax authorities may criticize such networks as enablers of evasion.

Layer-0s breaking down blockchain silos also threaten carefully segmented regulatory regimes. In jurisdictions where specific chains are whitelisted or blacklisted, interoperability dissolves these fences—creating legal implications not only for the Layer-0 carriers but for every dApp or DAO integrating them.

In Part 8, the series will explore the cascading economic and financial consequences of Layer-0 adoption—evaluating its disruptive effects on token value accrual, chain-level liquidity, and cross-chain dependency risk.

Part 8 – Economic & Financial Implications

Layer-0 Interoperability: Redrawing the Economic Map of Blockchain

Layer-0 architectures are beginning to shift the economic fault lines of blockchain ecosystems. As infrastructure solutions that enable interoperability without compromising decentralization, they introduce new dynamics into capital allocation, network effects, and value capture—dynamics that many stakeholders remain unprepared for.

For institutional investors, Layer-0 poses both a challenge and an opportunity. Owning native tokens of Layer-1 chains is no longer a sufficient diversification strategy when Layer-0 protocols abstract the network layer. These investors must now consider whether economic value accrues to the Layer-1 execution layer or shifts upstream to the Layer-0 connectivity layer. This redistribution of value may invalidate many traditional portfolio models based on isolated Layer-1 bet-themes.

Meanwhile, developers building multichain applications face a new calculus. With Layer-0 protocols enabling seamless cross-chain operations, developers are no longer economically incentivized to remain loyal to a specific Layer-1 ecosystem. This breaks the walled-garden dynamic that once made ecosystems like Ethereum and Solana sticky. Ecosystem incentives, grants, and fundraising models must now compete with the neutrality Layer-0 introduces.

Traders and arbitrageurs stand to benefit in the short term. Interoperability unlocks new pricing inefficiencies across chains, making cross-chain MEV (Miner Extractable Value) a lucrative playground. However, this opportunity is highly temporal—any Layer-0 that efficiently connects chains will rapidly collapse arbitrage spreads. As with traditional finance, the arbitrage window closes quickly once infrastructure scales.

There are also notable economic risks. As liquidity fragments across a web of interoperable chains, composability and security guarantees weaken. The systemic risk from cross-chain dependencies—especially when coupled with algorithmic routing protocols—becomes harder to model and hedge. This mirrors the kind of opaque risk bundling seen in legacy finance systems pre-2008. Furthermore, the rise of Layer-0 could undercut the tokenomics of Layer-1s that rely heavily on transaction fees, pushing them into unsustainable economic territory unless their models adapt.

Finally, Layer-0 governance tokens risk becoming new concentrations of power. If control effectively consolidates at the interoperability layer, token distribution and voting dynamics become critical chokepoints. As seen with governance challenges in other protocols (The Future of Decentralized Autonomous Organizations), early design flaws can have cascading consequences.

These financial shifts compel a broader reflection—not just on who profits or loses—but also on how we define trust, value, and power in a decentralized world. This leads us into Part 9, where we explore the social and philosophical underpinnings of a world restructured by Layer-0.

Part 9 – Social & Philosophical Implications

Layer-0's Financial Disruption: Rethinking Market Structures and Investment Dynamics

Layer-0 technologies are redefining the building blocks of blockchain, and with that, shaking the economic pillars that govern the ecosystem. By focusing on cross-chain interoperability at the foundational network level, Layer-0 protocols are not just optimizing performance—they are redistributing financial influence across technical and geopolitical fault lines.

From an investment standpoint, Layer-0s like Polkadot or Cosmos don’t just represent tokens; they represent customizable blockchain ecosystems. For institutional investors, this changes traditional valuation models. Instead of treating a chain as an isolated asset, Layer-0 requires assessing its ecosystem potential—how many Layer-1s or parachains could be fostered, and what volume of economic activity they could generate and retain. The implications for fund diversification are profound; Layer-0 adoption could drive a shift from token-specific exposure toward ecosystem-wide allocation strategies.

Developers, especially those participating in protocol-level staking or governance, face their own economic recalibration. Incentive models in Layer-0s tend to reward long-term infrastructure contributions over short-term application success. While this fosters stability, it can reduce the agility startups require to experiment, posing potential barriers for open innovation. Those failing to align with the underlying consensus economy of Layer-0s may find themselves excluded from reward distribution entirely.

Traders and DeFi arbitrageurs encounter both opportunity and new types of inefficiency. Native interoperability theoretically dilutes price disparities across chains, potentially compressing cross-chain arbitrage profits. But in reality, Layer-0’s orchestration adds more layers of technical dependency—both a risk and a complexity premium. The increased reliance on shared validators or cross-chain message relays could introduce bottlenecks or failure points that temporarily disrupt market liquidity and impact token pricing unpredictably.

Moreover, the consolidation of multiple sovereign chains into interoperable networks poses systemic risk questions. A Layer-0 failure would cascade across its connected ecosystems. This kind of interdependence could lead to correlated failures—making Layer-0s the new “too integrated to fail” infrastructure. There are historical parallels in Web2, where infrastructure concentration led to monopolistic control and systemic risk, an issue that could emerge again under a different technical guise in Web3.

For projects emphasizing data security in interoperable environments, it’s worth considering how Layer-0 solutions interface with privacy layers. Projects like ARPA have explored this intersection deeply. Unlocking Privacy: The Power of ARPA Blockchain underscores how privacy-preserving computation needs to be fundamentally redefined in multi-chain environments coordinated by a Layer-0.

As Layer-0 rewires the blockchain economic stack, it alters not just who gets paid—but how value itself is created and distributed. In Part 9, we shift focus to examine how this foundational shift does more than just realign capital. It redefines trust, authority, and the very ethos of decentralization.

Part 10 – Final Conclusions & Future Outlook

The Unpredictable Trajectory of Layer-0: Preparing for Impact or Obscurity?

As we close this deep examination of Layer-0 solutions, it’s clear that their role in creating a truly interoperable blockchain ecosystem is both foundational and fraught with complexity. Across the previous entries, we’ve unpacked the architecture, use cases, security trade-offs, governance implications, and ecosystem dependencies of these protocols. What’s become obvious is that Layer-0 isn’t merely plumbing—it’s the keystone in solving fragmentation across chains.

In the best-case scenario, Layer-0 becomes the connective tissue between siloed Layer-1s and Layer-2s. It achieves this by enabling seamless messaging, composability without bridges, and an abstraction layer that unifies validator security across heterogeneous networks. In this reality, cross-chain applications are not UX headaches but indistinguishable from single-chain experiences. Should this vision materialize, Layer-0 stands to redefine the architectural stack of Web3 as comprehensively as Ethereum redefined smart contracts.

But the worst-case scenario is equally plausible: Layer-0 remains an underused novelty, plagued by security incidents from compromised relayers, fragmented protocol upgrades, or economic instability in cross-chain validation models. Moreover, if monetization strategies lean too heavily on rent-extraction or token-centric speculation, core development could stagnate as liquidity migrates to more performant or better-governed environments.

One critical unknown remains: will chain-level sovereignty be willingly sacrificed in favor of interoperability? Some communities may reject shared security models and opt out of Layer-0 integrations to preserve ideological or technical purity. Others may be deterred by unclear governance, especially in ecosystems dominated by opaque token allocations or ill-defined upgrade paths. Similar concerns were raised in projects like ARPA, where despite innovation in privacy-preserving computation, governance opacity became a focal criticism (https://bestdapps.com/blogs/news/unpacking-arpas-major-criticisms-and-challenges).

For Layer-0 to be more than a transient ambition, it must trigger a cultural shift—where chains no longer position themselves as islands but as modules in a composable substrate of interoperable logic. This will require solving technical, economic, and ideological friction points simultaneously.

Is Layer-0 infrastructure destined to define the interoperable era of blockchain—or will it fade into the background as another overly ambitious abstraction lost in the protocol graveyard?

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