Part 1 – Introducing the Problem

The Overlooked Promise of Decentralized Mesh Networks: Redefining Internet Access and Data Sovereignty Through Blockchain Innovation

Part 1 – Introducing the Core Problem: Centralized Infrastructure is the Achilles’ Heel of Web3

Most conversations around Web3 decentralization never address the elephant in the room: the Internet itself is still centralized. Blockchains may be permissionless, uncensorable, and distributed—but the infrastructure they're dependent on is anything but. At the core of every dApp, validator node, or DeFi contract lies a network stack that routes through state-controlled, ISP-gated infrastructure. That’s not just counterintuitive to the decentralization ethos—it’s a serious attack vector.

In countries like Iran, Russia, and China, state-enforced firewalls or complete Internet blackouts have proven that the physical and topological centralization of telecommunications infrastructure can override cryptographic assurances. Anyone running a “decentralized” protocol that relies on Amazon Web Services or Cloudflare is subject to takedown with just a single government-issued order or DNS exploit. The crypto ecosystem's blind spot has long been its reliance on the very thing it professes to circumvent: tightly controlled information highways.

So why hasn't the space found its way toward decentralizing Internet access itself?

Because implementing a bottom-up, community-provisioned mesh networking layer faces significant coordination failure, bootstrapping, and economic viability issues. Projects like Althea and RightMesh have explored incentivized peer relays, mesh routing, and bandwidth sharing, but these haven't scaled due to technical limitations, user churn, and lack of economically sustainable incentive models. The complexity of building resilient, peer-discoverable mesh layers—reliant on hardware, radio frequency distribution, and smart routing protocols—is orders of magnitude higher than spinning up a token contract.

This structural bottleneck—not scalability, not governance, not identity—is the deeper reason why Web3 isn’t truly sovereign. Without eliminating the centralized gateway chokepoints, any application claiming to be “unstoppable” is only as decentralized as its weakest upstream BGP route.

There are, however, early signs of a paradigm shift. Some innovators are exploring the fusion of blockchain-based micro-incentives with peer-to-peer networking protocols. This includes new mechanisms for bandwidth marketplaces, spectrum sharing agreements, and even token-curated pathfinding—all built natively into Layer 1 or Layer 2 blockchains. Projects focusing on tokenomic designs for utility infrastructure—like those covered in Exploring OMEGA's Dynamic Tokenomics Framework—are hinting toward a merge of hardware layer economics with crypto-native primitives.

The question is no longer just whether blockchain tech can replace banking—but whether it can reclaim the base layer of information freedom itself.

Part 2 – Exploring Potential Solutions

Blockchain-Enhanced Mesh Networks: Unpacking the Viable Tech Stack for a Sovereign Internet

One of the most cited approaches to decentralized internet infrastructure is the convergence of mesh networking protocols with blockchain-based incentivization layers. At the protocol level, projects like Althea and RightMesh have experimented with dynamic routing using smartphones and routers as nodes. However, scalability bottlenecks remain unresolved due to weak economic models and lack of trustless monetization layers.

This weakness has resulted in a growing shift toward integrating crypto-economic incentives directly into the mesh layer—often via micropayments for bandwidth routing, powered by smart contracts. While the Lightning Network on Bitcoin shows promise, its complexity and reliance on payment channels limit its practical integration with mobile-first mesh environments.

A more ambitious alternative is the implementation of blockchain-native data marketplaces where users earn tokens by contributing bandwidth or relaying data. These systems often rely on privacy-preserving mechanisms like zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) to prove data relay participation without revealing identifying info. However, even cutting-edge ZK systems like zk-SNARKs are computationally intensive and may not scale efficiently on low-power hardware typical of mesh nodes.

The OMEGA protocol’s investigation into dynamic token allocation offers a compelling tokenomic lens here. Through mechanisms explored in Exploring OMEGA's Dynamic Tokenomics Framework, OMEGA proposes liquidity-adjusting incentives that could stabilize participation in decentralized networks over time—potentially essential for managing node fatigue in unstructured mesh networks.

Another proposed vector is decentralized identifiers (DIDs) and verifiable credentials to ensure network access is resistant to centralized attacks. Utilizing projects like W3C-compliant DIDs allows mesh participants to authenticate and verify permissions without reliance on DNS. The weakness? With no universal DID standard and little incentive alignment across registrars, fragmentation remains a roadblock.

Further, peer-incentivized trust layers using reputation-weighted staking models add an interesting dynamic. Nodes with strong uptime and data reliability earn stake from other users, creating a social-layer defense mechanism. Yet, these systems are acutely vulnerable to Sybil attacks unless they incorporate cryptographic rate limits or bonded staking thresholds—raising the barrier to entry and potentially undermining mesh accessibility.

Finally, token distribution models play a pivotal role. Fair launch mechanisms reduce centralization risk but are notoriously bad at bootstrapping real-world communities. Purely airdropped tokens often lack stickiness. A hybrid-owned deployment through progressive decentralization, where early contributors earn control over governance through verifiable infrastructure contributions, may be the best path forward.

Real-world implementations are beginning to put these theoretical blueprints to the test—examining their resilience outside the lab.

Part 3 – Real-World Implementations

Blockchain Meets the Last Mile: Real-World Trials of Decentralized Mesh Networks

Several blockchain ecosystems have ventured into the hybrid terrain of decentralized mesh networks layered with crypto incentives, but few have achieved meaningful traction beyond technical proofs.

One early mover was Helium, often cited but rarely duplicated. Powered by its own blockchain, its physical infrastructure of LoRaWAN routers aimed to create a user-run wireless network. But the token dynamics, heavily front-loaded with early mining advantages, caused major discontent among later participants. Hotspot oversaturation in urban areas, paired with limited real-world utility for the wireless service, exposed the fragility in the model’s economic design. Helium’s transition to the Solana chain notably did not fix that fundamental disconnect between token value accrual and network usefulness.

In contrast, Nodle reimagined mesh networking by piggybacking on smartphones. Rather than requiring dedicated hardware, its Proof-of-Connectivity rewards are distributed to mobile devices acting as nodes in a BLE mesh. The team claims millions of passive nodes, yet the technological complexity of managing data propagation across ephemeral mobile nodes has kept the system opaque even to token holders. Additionally, lack of transparency on which use cases actually utilize Nodle’s data undermines its decentralization narrative.

The experimental team behind Althea took a more grassroots route, enabling communities to launch decentralized ISPs powered by smart contracts. Payments between routers utilize blockchain-based microtransactions, often denominated in DAI or Ether. This approach bridges real internet delivery with blockchain accounting, but the UX barriers for non-technical communities have stifled adoption beyond niche deployments. Operation and governance models in Althea's playbook were never truly automated or scalable — making it difficult to distinguish decentralization from centralized coordination in practice.

Some emerging Layer 1s, like OMEGA, are exploring native infrastructure incentives tailored for edge-to-edge device communication, moving beyond typical DeFi-centered tokenomics. As discussed in A Deepdive into OMEGA, its approach bends traditional token logic toward autonomous data networks. However, OMEGA faces the critical challenge of actual mesh interoperability — building compatibility standards is exponentially harder than creating token flows.

Critically, none of these implementations have yet resolved the vulnerability of last-mile reliance on traditional ISPs for backhaul. Until these networks either develop truly peer-to-peer satellite relays or achieve critical density, full sovereignty remains theoretical.

These real-world deployments underscore the friction between ideology and implementation. The next section will explore how — or if — this category of networks can evolve into permanently viable alternatives to centralized internet providers.

Part 4 – Future Evolution & Long-Term Implications

Mesh Network Scalability and Blockchain Protocol Evolution: What Comes Next?

The future of decentralized mesh networks intersects with cutting-edge blockchain developments in ways that could reshape both the infrastructure and economic layers of digital connectivity. At the protocol level, we’re beginning to see serious experimentation with lightweight consensus mechanisms optimized for low-bandwidth, intermittent connectivity — a requirement for efficient mesh network operation. Protocols like DAG-based consensus, used by projects working outside traditional chain structures, present a model with reduced finality time and bandwidth expenditure, both critical constraints in peer-to-peer network routing.

However, a persistent technical bottleneck remains: real-time throughput versus local validation capacity. Current Layer 1 chains struggle under the geographic decentralization model that mesh technologies thrive in. This has triggered interest in composable Layer 2 and emerging Layer 3 ecosystems, where computation and state execution are decentralized further via rollups or application-specific chains. One interesting direction is the potential use of zero-knowledge execution environments that allow encrypted transmission of routing logic between mesh nodes — a major privacy enhancement at the edge layer.

Storage remains another unresolved issue. Decentralized compute routing incentivization only works if combined with a distributed persistent layer. Here, integration with protocols exploring decentralized data modularity could be key. Fragments of content or route telemetry could dynamically reside across nodes, enabled by programmable incentives within next-gen tokenomic structures. This presents deeply relevant crossover with dynamic tokenomics models, such as those explored in Exploring OMEGA's Dynamic Tokenomics Framework, which prioritize elasticity to handle shifting network demands.

From an interoperability perspective, true resilience likely hinges on the ability of mesh-anchored ledgers to communicate seamlessly with both public and private chains. Cross-chain routers and bridges are currently fragile points of failure. But experiments in embedded oracles and on-chain relayers might decentralize this function in coming iterations — offering both regulatory insulation and operational redundancy.

There is also a directional trend toward energy-efficient incentivization. As mesh nodes often operate in constrained environments (urban microgrids, rural off-grid setups), emphasis is shifting from PoW or energy-intensive Proof-of-Uptime systems to hybrid mechanisms like Proof-of-Availability or storage-backed staking via lightweight commitments.

While these technical trajectories are promising, most implementations remain fragile. Security layers are often reactive rather than proactive, and fragmentation across experimental tech stacks increases the surface area for exploit. What emerges next will be shaped not only by architectural evolution but also by who gets to decide — a governance debate we explore in the upcoming section.

Part 5 – Governance & Decentralization Challenges

Governance in Decentralized Mesh Networks: Navigating the Fragmentation Warfare

At the core of decentralized mesh networks lies an unresolved tension between ideological decentralization and pragmatic governance. Decisions around protocol upgrades, network funding, and dispute arbitration must eventually resolve through some consensus—even absent a central authority. The trade-off becomes clear: who governs the decentralized governor?

Mesh networks relying on blockchain-based governance typically adopt tokenized voting systems. In practice, however, this introduces plutocracy risk. Token accumulation—either through early participation or secondary market purchases—can enable a small cohort of whales to gate protocol development. This challenge echoes criticism directed at DAOs across the space, where token-weighted voting paradoxically leads to centralization under the guise of democracy.

We’ve already seen iterations of this problem in token distribution models that overemphasize DeFi incentives but under-resource long-term governance sustainability. A critical breakdown of this can be found in Empowering Communities: Governance in OMEGA Crypto, where initial decentralization ambitions were at odds with the resulting voting dynamics. OMEGA's mechanism design flaw mirrors what's likely to happen in any future mesh network without aggressive countermeasures—governance capture becomes a near inevitability.

Another unresolved issue is jurisdictional regulatory pressure. While decentralized mesh networks operate across borders, governance nodes with known operators are immediate targets for regulators. This raises the risk of “regulatory choke points” that can compromise network neutrality. A mesh operator in a single jurisdiction might be demanding KYC enforcement at the edge, undermining the whole decentralization narrative.

Governance attacks also become structurally feasible when protocol rules—like quorum thresholds or minimum staking requirements—can be game-theorized by a minority of hostile actors. For example, if mesh participation tokens are thinly distributed, it’s conceivable for a dominant player with enough capital and time to execute a slow, creeping takeover through coordinated multi-wallet orchestration.

There’s also the looming challenge of identity resolution. Anonymous participation is desirable for privacy, yet it’s a ripe vector for Sybil attacks. Without robust identity or reputation systems, governance votes can be easily manipulated by botnets or mercenary accounts registered en masse at the network periphery.

Ultimately, decentralization itself becomes fragile when the foundation of governance is riddled with assumptions about good faith actors and evenly distributed power dynamics. This becomes particularly problematic when translating these concepts from DeFi protocols into physical infrastructure routing and provisioning decisions.

Up next is an examination of the scalability and engineering trade-offs needed to bring decentralized mesh networks into global operation—technically, economically, and socially.

Part 6 – Scalability & Engineering Trade-Offs

Engineering Scalability in Decentralized Mesh Networks: Navigating the Trade-offs of Blockchain Implementation at Scale

Scalability remains the most pressing technical bottleneck for decentralized mesh networks layered with blockchain infrastructure. Unlike centralized systems, where vertical scaling and bandwidth provisioning can be controlled unilaterally, mesh networks operate within unpredictable topologies with highly variable node availability and bandwidth. This complexity compounds when supplemented with blockchain consensus requirements and cryptographic transaction validation.

The most significant constraint lies in the consensus layer. Proof-of-Work (PoW), while resilient, introduces latency and energy overhead—traits incompatible with real-time data routing needs in mesh environments. On the other hand, Proof-of-Stake (PoS) and its derivatives (e.g., DPoS, NPoS) offer lower latency but require stronger assumptions around node availability and honest majority, assumptions unlikely to hold uniformly across geographically distributed, device-diverse mesh systems.

Sharding, as implemented in projects like Ethereum 2.0 or Zilliqa, introduces data partitioning for parallel transaction processing but begs serious questions around cross-shard communication latency when applied to distributed mesh topologies. Similarly, rollups (particularly zk-rollups) offer data compression and off-chain computation benefits, but their trustless guarantees unravel when on-chain data dependencies or oracle updates are delayed due to poor inter-node connectivity.

Less conventional architectures like DAGs (Directed Acyclic Graphs) used in IOTA or Avalanche’s Snowman consensus offer theoretical advantages in asynchronous and edge environments—but lack maturity and tooling sufficient for secure global deployment.

From an engineering standpoint, adopting light clients and stateless nodes appears unavoidable for mobile or low-power mesh nodes. However, statelessness shifts the storage burden to edge aggregators or checkpoint nodes, threatening decentralization if improperly managed. Validator light-client relays, such as those explored in Unlocking TomoChain A Scalable Blockchain Revolution, show some promise but still rely on centralized bootstrapping points for trust initiation.

Trade-offs are inevitable: maximizing decentralization introduces message propagation delays; prioritizing latency-sensitive routing compromises on-chain settlement atomicity. Achieving consensus on block finality in an environment where node uptime is random requires aggressive timeout tuning, increasing the risk of forked states or failed liveness during partial mesh outages.

Ultimately, the system must be engineered to tolerate high churn and asymmetric routing, all while preserving a consistent global state—a non-trivial problem if scalability is not treated as a primary design priority from genesis.

The next section will dissect the regulatory and compliance risks stemming from these decentralized mesh-layered architectures.

Part 7 – Regulatory & Compliance Risks

Regulatory & Compliance Risks in Decentralized Mesh Networks: Navigating Legal Minefields

The integration of blockchain with decentralized mesh networking introduces a multitude of regulatory and compliance complexities that could derail innovation before it matures. Unlike tokenized applications built within a single jurisdiction or under a specific Layer-1 protocol, mesh networks inherently span borders, intermixing peer-to-peer data transfer with digital asset incentives—pushing the boundaries of what existing telecom and crypto regulations can handle.

Across jurisdictions, interpretations of what constitutes an "ISP" or "telecom provider" vary dramatically. A node operator in Germany might be subject to Bundesnetzagentur licensing obligations, while a similar participant in the U.S. could potentially fall under FCC scrutiny. When these nodes begin bundling blockchain reward schemes or fee mechanisms, local authorities may begin classifying them as unauthorized telecom services or, worse, as money transmitters without licensing—reshaping their legal exposure instantly.

There's historical precedent in how governments have approached decentralized tech that blurs classification lines. Consider the SEC’s fluctuating interpretations of utility tokens, or the crackdown on peer-to-peer Bitcoin ATMs by FinCEN. In fragmented mesh networks using blockchain incentives for bandwidth sharing or identity routing, regulators could equate incentivized routing activity with unregistered financial service provision. That’s not speculation—it’s pattern recognition.

Moreover, anti-money laundering (AML) and know-your-customer (KYC) requirements could force mesh nodes hosting blockchain identity management or payment channels to implement intrusive verification procedures. This directly conflicts with the sovereignty and anonymity principles that attract builders to decentralization in the first place.

Another layer of friction emerges with data localization laws. In regions like China, where cross-border data movement is tightly controlled, mesh-driven data relaying—even if encrypted—may be deemed illegal under cybersecurity law. Countries enforcing “digital borders” may impose heavy penalties on both node operators and protocol developers, even if their systems were designed to be jurisdiction-agnostic.

In future implementations, governance tokens embedded in these mesh ecosystem designs could be targeted under the same scrutiny facing DAOs. As seen with the discussion in Empowering Communities: Governance in OMEGA Crypto, decentralized governance provides flexibility, but simultaneously offers regulators a centralized fulcrum to pursue in enforcement cases.

Blockchain-based mesh networks won’t flourish unless regulatory clarity develops in parallel. Until then, developers should assume jurisdictional ambiguity is a feature—not a bug—of this frontier tech stack, and should lean into obfuscation-resistant design patterns and geo-fencing protocols where viable.

Next, we’ll dissect the micro and macroeconomic impacts these systems could trigger within telecom, cloud, and financial service markets.

Part 8 – Economic & Financial Implications

Financial Disruption from the Ground Up: Mesh Networks and the New Crypto Frontier

Decentralized mesh networks—powered by crypto-native incentives—are not merely an alternative infrastructure layer; they represent a financial atomic bomb aimed at traditional internet service models. By enabling peer-to-peer bandwidth trading, storage rentals, and node rewards native to blockchain architecture, mesh networks decentralize not just connectivity but also extract significant economic value from centralized ISPs, telecoms, and even Web2 infrastructure providers.

From an investment perspective, this fragmentation introduces high-risk dynamics that institutional capital is historically adverse to—but also potentially explosive ROI profiles for early-stage participants. Infrastructure-layer tokens tied to mesh networks decentralize revenue streams into micro-payments and token emissions. If market demand consolidates around self-sovereign access, this could produce outsized gains for node operators and liquidity providers in staking ecosystems that harness bandwidth-as-a-commodity.

However, tokenomics fragility is a looming issue. Improperly aligned incentive structures can result in malicious relaying, freeloading, or bandwidth hoarding—similar to yield farming’s early inefficiencies in DeFi. These behaviors hurt network efficiency, destabilize token value, and potentially create arbitrage vectors for MEV (Miner Extractable Value) exploitation.

Developers entering this space are likely to rely on existing models like OMEGA’s dynamic tokenomics, which blend inflation control with behavioral incentive design. But porting these models directly into mesh infrastructures introduces complexity. While OMEGA addressed liquidity fragmentation and gamified governance participation, adapting this to incentivize peer bandwidth relays across urban and rural areas presents logistical and economic friction, especially in low-latency environments.

For traders, the signals are murky. Mesh-enabled protocols introduce real-world utilities but lack correlative price action patterns seen in typical Layer-1 tokens. Volatility will be highly reactive to geographic network penetration, node density fluctuation, and firmware upgrades. Options markets and perpetuals are unlikely to mature in this sector until robust data feeds (oracles) standardize node-based performance metrics.

There’s also the risk of regulatory obsolescence. ISPs may lobby governments to classify mesh networks as “unlicensed spectrum services,” opening participants to shutdowns or taxation. Investors funding hardware deployment through DAOs could face KYC enforcement retroactively, especially if fiat off-ramps get tied to illicit data transmission.

Still, emerging DAOs controlling mesh infrastructure layers may unlock a new class of capital coordination mechanisms. Permissionless coordination of broadband deployment funded through protocol revenue is not utopian—it's financially viable. How profit gets redistributed via staking, bonding, or slashing will set aggressive boundaries between experimentation and regulation.

Up next, we move beyond markets and tokens to examine how the rise of decentralized mesh networks reshapes power, trust, and individual autonomy in an increasingly surveilled digital world.

Part 9 – Social & Philosophical Implications

The Disruptive Economics of Decentralized Mesh Networks in Blockchain Ecosystems

The integration of decentralized mesh networks with blockchain technology could drastically reshape the economic dynamics of internet infrastructure, with a ripple effect across markets that few stakeholders are adequately prepared for. At its core, this convergence defines a new paradigm: internet access as a tradable, tokenized commodity – priced dynamically, routed autonomously, and settled peer-to-peer.

Mesh-based networks eliminate the oligopolistic requirements of centralized ISPs by placing bandwidth and node provisioning directly into users’ hands. Micropayments facilitated by smart contracts on Layer-2 blockchain solutions unlock new monetization models. Think of localized bandwidth marketplaces where node operators set their own rates, governed by predictive algorithms or DAO vote mechanisms. Projects leveraging token economies, like those discussed in Exploring OMEGA's Dynamic Tokenomics Framework, offer insights into how such ecosystems can be fine-tuned for scale, liquidity, and incentive alignment.

But this decentralization introduces a series of economic tensions. For institutional investors, the opportunity lies in staking large node infrastructure or owning core network validators—but the ROI calculus is complicated. These networks are vulnerable to geographical disparities in uptime, under-participation in rural areas, and misaligned incentive structures that can collapse liquidity pools or create “hot zones” of overpriced access.

Developers face their own conundrum: monetizing open protocols while avoiding extractive behavior that undermines decentralization. Revenue streams from DNS services, on-chain data caching, and routing-as-a-service will likely be tokenized—but whether protocol ownership resides with the builders or a DAO remains unresolved.

Traders and speculators, meanwhile, may find both opportunity and chaos. Native tokens tied to bandwidth reputation systems or node performance scores introduce new volatility classes. Unexpected behavior—such as slashing of nodes for misrouting, or congestion-related price spikes—could trigger sudden token dumping. The creation of synthetic derivatives based on bandwidth availability or latency SLAs is plausible, but would heighten systemic risk for undercollateralized protocols.

Regulatory arbitrage might further complicate matters. National jurisdictions could interpret meshed bandwidth sales as telecom offerings, subjecting node runners to licensing or taxes. This could bifurcate the network’s economic topology into permissioned and permissionless zones, fracturing liquidity and governance.

Ultimately, the emergence of finance-layered connectivity transforms wireless networks into programmable value systems. The actors who grasp this transition early—whether through liquidity provisioning, DAO influence, or token utility arbitrage—could dominate new digital territory. But those operating with legacy risk frameworks may misread fragility as opportunity, inviting destabilization as the protocol matures.

This economic reengineering invites deeper reflection—not just on markets, but on what access, ownership, and freedom of information mean in a decentralized world. These philosophical dimensions await further exploration.

Part 10 – Final Conclusions & Future Outlook

Forecasting the Realities of Decentralized Mesh Networks and Blockchain Integration

The convergence of blockchain with decentralized mesh networks has painted a compelling vision—one where peer-to-peer connectivity escapes centralized bottlenecks, and sovereignty over data and access is restored to users. Throughout this series, we examined the technical architectures, token-incentive layers, governance models, and deployment limitations facing this paradigm. The technological blueprint may be thrilling, but the path to widespread utility is riddled with structural friction.

At its best, a global mesh internet underpinned by blockchain offers censorship resistance, unregulated P2P access in connectivity deserts, and an economy of bandwidth fueled by cryptoeconomic incentives. Imagine underserved communities orchestrating their own resilient infrastructures where nodes earn by relaying packets, validating throughput, and co-owning the very communication protocols they use. To realize this, the interplay between tokenomics and actual network participation must be seamless—something we've seen explored in frameworks like the OMEGA crypto asset, where dynamic incentives shape infrastructure performance.

However, the worst-case scenario is equally plausible. A fragmented landscape of hyper-localized mesh projects could arise, with no coherent interoperability. Opportunistic staking could dominate genuine protocol participation, leading to bandwidth hoarding, Sybil-resilient failure points, or systems overoptimized for rewards rather than quality of service. Regulatory ambiguity and capital intensity remain persistent landmines for mesh rollouts; these ecosystems do not circulate purely within metaverse silos—the physical world applies.

For this innovation to cross the chasm from crypto niche to tech infrastructure, key utility questions must be resolved. Can token-based bandwidth incentives truly scale without degenerating into gaming behavior? Will reputation and identity systems emerge to enhance sybil-resistance within low-latency real-time networking? And will open hardware become decentralized enough to allow meaningful long-range deployment without compromising on trustless consensus?

Mainstream adoption requires mesh systems to integrate effortlessly with existing mobile devices, abstracting away crypto complexity while maintaining verifiability and open participation. Governance mechanisms must evolve beyond token-weighted inputs to consider bandwidth contributions, node stability, and conflict resolution across geographies.

Looking ahead, the dual challenge is viability at scale and usability at edge. Without solving both, the decentralized mesh dream risks fading into obscurity as yet another brilliant but impractical crypto experiment. In shaping next-generation connectivity, the final question looms:

Will blockchain-powered mesh networks become the foundational layer of a decentralized internet—or just another ghost in crypto’s sprawling graveyard?

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