Part 1 – Introducing the Problem

The Overlooked Integration of Blockchain in Disaster Recovery: Building Resilience Through Decentralization

Disaster recovery rarely features in blockchain discussions—unless it’s about hacking mitigation or smart contract rollbacks. But in terms of actual field-level disaster response—combating massive natural catastrophes, disrupted infrastructure, or the collapse of centralized coordination—blockchain remains an afterthought at best, a blind spot at worst. This neglect is particularly alarming given how fundamentally vulnerable traditional disaster response systems are to centralized points of failure.

When a natural disaster hits—a hurricane demolishing communication networks, a wildfire erasing property records, a flood isolating remote communities—data silos and centralized servers become single points of collapse. Local governance, supply chain coordination, and aid disbursement often rely on brittle, opaque architectures. If cloud platforms or government agencies are compromised, verifying land titles, processing insurance claims, or coordinating resource distribution can halt entirely.

Historically, centralized database systems have dominated response mechanisms due to perceived simplicity and control. But they falter under pressure when regions are cut off or adversarial actors exploit choke points. In contrast, a decentralized ledger replicated across nodes globally could offer immutable, redundant, censorship-resistant data availability—yet this model is conspicuously absent from real-world recovery frameworks. Why?

The answer sits uncomfortably in the intersection of policy inertia, infrastructure cost, and an untested operational paradigm. Governments and major NGOs typically lack the incentive or mandate to adopt distributed systems that decentralize control. Meanwhile, blockchain developers are rarely incentivized to build products for low-profit humanitarian use cases. The result is a gaping coordination vacuum—where blockchain could have profound impact but has been underutilized due to systemic misalignment.

Moreover, decentralized systems are not immune to setbacks. Oracle dependencies, latency issues, and token-based access mechanisms present high barriers in crisis zones with minimal connectivity. Further, data privacy legislation often hampers cross-border collaboration over decentralized networks. Complicating things further is the lack of agreed standards for encoding critical records—property deeds, medical records, or aid supply logs—onto chains in a disaster-resilient way.

The systemic inertia isn’t limited to humanitarian circles. The crypto world itself often overlooks real-world utility in favor of hyper-financialized marketplaces or gamified community mechanics. Still, the core traits of blockchain—redundancy, immutability, auditability—align well with the primal needs of recovery tech.

To draw a modest parallel, consider how blockchain is already reshaping aviation governance where data integrity and real-time coordination are critical. Projects like AVINOC offer a glimpse into how decentralized infrastructure can optimize logistics under pressure (link).

It begs the question: if blockchain can efficiently facilitate aircraft coordination, why hasn’t it been architected to coordinate decentralized logistics for disaster zones, where the stakes are human lives?

This discord between capability and implementation demands deeper exploration. Resilience cannot remain a fringe feature in a decentralized world.

Part 2 – Exploring Potential Solutions

Decentralized Solutions for Disaster Resilience: Breaking Down the Tech Stack

The intersection between blockchain architecture and disaster recovery infrastructure remains largely experimental—but specific technologies are standing out. At the heart of potential solutions are decentralized storage networks, self-executing smart contracts for crisis coordination, and zero-knowledge-based identity frameworks. While promising, none are immune to challenges of scalability, adversarial nodes, or regulatory mismatches.

One proposed model leverages IPFS or Arweave for immutable, censorship-resistant storage of emergency response data. This guarantees data persistence across disaster zones, but the downside is latency. Retrieval speeds during live crisis events can be unreliable due to inconsistent pinning or orphaned data nodes. Hybrid architectures involving IPFS gateways bypass these issues but reintroduce central points of failure.

Smart contracts offer an appealing mechanism for triggering decentralized insurance payouts or emergency fund redistribution. Projects like Etherisc have pioneered parametric insurance logic, but widespread adoption is hindered by oracular integrity. Chainlink provides a partial solution with decentralized oracles, yet remains vulnerable to data injection attacks in high-volatility events—especially when weather sensors or satellite APIs act as weak links.

Public key infrastructure (PKI) enhanced with zk-SNARKs introduces the possibility of disaster-area credentialing or access control without doxxing volunteers or victims. However, these solutions require pre-disaster registration. Without proactive onboarding, response units entering a new disaster zone find these zero-knowledge circles ineffective without verifiable state anchors.

Multi-chain communication tools are another theoretical backbone. Interoperability protocols like ZetaChain provide asset liquidity and message passing between heterogeneous chains. However, network reliance on bridging models surfaces critical attack surfaces—as shown in cross-chain hacks where signature thresholds failed. For more on these weaknesses, see The Hidden Challenges of Cross-Chain Interoperability.

Finally, decentralized autonomous networks for aviation logistics are emerging as meta-infrastructure models. Projects like AVINOC examine aviation resource coordination via smart contracts, which is highly relevant for airlifting emergency supplies. However, as explored in AVINOC: Blockchain's Impact on Aviation Governance, decentralized consensus in real-time flight routing scenarios presents significant latency and compliance complications.

From distributed file systems to cross-chain consensus, each innovation reveals friction at the edges of disaster resilience—speed, trust, and interoperability. These architectural tensions may remain unresolved without recursive incentive loops for verifiers and permissioned overrides for first responders.

In the next section of this series, real-world pilots and limited deployments of these technologies will be analyzed to evaluate how these theoretical promises have—or haven't—translated into operational resilience.

Part 3 – Real-World Implementations

Blockchain-Powered Disaster Recovery: Real-World Deployment Challenges and Learnings

Several blockchain projects have attempted to bring decentralization into the high-stakes world of disaster recovery, but translating theory into production-ready solutions has proven to be a complex task. Startups like Emercoin, Sikka Protocol, and various custom Hyperledger builds have experimented with proof-of-concept models involving immutable data registries, decentralized emergency communication, and token-based supply allocation—but the implementation landscape remains fragmented and mostly siloed.

One of the earliest players, Emercoin, attempted to create a secure, decentralized DNS system to maintain communication infrastructures during outages. Intended to offer censorship-resistant access points during disasters, the DNS solution encountered scalability issues stemming from lack of network participation—an inherent drawback in relying on public chain actors for time-sensitive disaster use-cases. Additionally, bootstrapping trust with government and humanitarian organizations proved prohibitively slow.

Sikka Protocol, a modular Layer-1 initiative focused on public good infrastructure, launched a pilot with local NGOs to tokenize disaster resources for real-time tracking via smart contracts. While the tokenized inventory management concept proved effective in simulations, real-world deployment was hampered by integration friction with legacy ERP systems. The lack of reliable off-chain data oracles introduced supply mismatches, eventually exposing the weak data relay link in the on-chain/off-chain interplay. These difficulties echo broader industry criticism highlighted in The Hidden Challenges of Cross-Chain Interoperability.

Hyperledger-based solutions, often adopted in private-sector pilots, have attempted to solve the problem of inter-agency coordination. A notable example involves a decentralized registry for emergency shelters and status flags (open, full, under repair, etc.). Despite successful local trials, the pseudonymized permissioning layer struggled under actual load due to consensus bottlenecks. Furthermore, the appeal of decentralization clashed with jurisdictional authority preferences for centralized override rights—a governance friction that has yet to be resolved.

Even when technical implementations were feasible, sustainability models stumbled. Without native incentives, participation waned over time. Some builders turned toward DAOs and tokenized staking models to align incentives, though these faced their own criticisms regarding delegation centralization and token cartelization—issues not unique to this domain but especially problematic when lives are at stake.

Adoption remains impeded by operational inertia, inadequate Last Mile interoperability, and lack of real-time oracle feeds—issues that continue to drive researchers and innovators to build more composable and modular disaster recovery systems. The question is no longer whether blockchain is technically capable, but whether it can evolve fast enough to respond under pressure.

Part 4 – Future Evolution & Long-Term Implications

Scaling the Future: Emerging Blockchain Innovations Reshaping Disaster Resilience

As blockchain continues its quiet integration into disaster recovery frameworks, its long-term viability hinges not only on adoption but also on fundamental technological evolution. Scalability, interoperability, and composability stand as critical limitations that future solutions must address.

Emerging Layer-2 protocols and modular chains offer a path forward by decoupling consensus from execution, drastically improving throughput while preserving decentralization—paramount when managing high-volume disaster datasets in real-time. Rollup technologies (Optimistic and ZK-based) could become the de facto standard for processing localized recovery operations, enabling trustless coordination between municipal actors without congesting Layer-1 chains. These methods allow on-chain verification of off-chain computations—a necessity for integrating machine learning models predicting disaster impact zones.

Cross-chain operability, still in a fragile state, must mature to support federated data recovery. Despite technological optimism, obstacles persist. The fragmentation of standards, such as varying approaches to state finality and validator slashing, remains unresolved. Projects like ZetaChain and others have exposed the painful tradeoffs in truly decentralized interoperability environments. Stronger bridging primitives with dynamic trust assumptions will be necessary to prevent cross-chain contagion during emergencies—a real risk if disparate blockchain systems attempt real-time synchronization amid infrastructure collapse.

One key exploratory thread is the convergence of blockchain with verifiable computation protocols. Integration with decentralized oracles capable of feeding real-time telemetry—such as climate or structural integrity data—will require zero-knowledge-proof systems that can provide fast, privacy-preserving verifications of multi-party datasets. This direction parallels innovations in other sectors, such as the aviation industry’s shift toward verifiable data exchanges discussed in AVINOC: Blockchain's Impact on Aviation Governance.

Moreover, programmable asset tokenization may enable novel insurance models tied directly to embedded smart contracts. For instance, response triggers pre-defined in parametric insurance schemes can automate payouts based on verifiable environmental data hits. Yet these innovations will demand robust governance coordination to ensure oracles remain corruption-resistant under duress.

By 2030, we may see a disaster recovery architecture shaped by modular blockchains with fused AI-verification systems, partially operated through DAO mechanisms. These interconnected, protocol-agnostic layers would scale horizontally across geopolitical and organizational boundaries. However, the real challenge will not be technological—it will be how decision-making is structured across these decentralized systems without compromising agility during crisis events.

That tension between decentralized control and operational responsiveness opens the conversation toward governance—how communities, agencies, and protocols navigate consensus, authority, and coordination across trustless infrastructures.

Part 5 – Governance & Decentralization Challenges

Governance Attacks and the Decentralization Dilemma in Blockchain-Based Disaster Recovery

As decentralized architectures are explored for disaster recovery infrastructure, governance becomes an unavoidable point of failure—or resilience. The divergence between centralized and decentralized models is more than just philosophical; it is operational and security-critical. While decentralization offers redundancy and censorship resistance—key features for resilient systems—it also introduces a new attack surface: governance vulnerabilities.

The risk of governance attacks in blockchain-based recovery networks is magnified when the protocols rely on token-based voting without strong anti-sybil mechanisms. A DAO coordinating disaster response through smart contracts could be hijacked by a malicious majority vote in a low-participation scenario, triggering irreversible aid fund misallocation or even deliberate disinformation. Platforms operating with low quorum thresholds or unrestricted delegation are particularly susceptible to these exploits.

Plutocracy is another structural risk. In token-weighted models, large stakeholders could prioritize data availability zones or infrastructure rebuilds that align more with private interests than humanitarian needs. Attempts to engineer more egalitarian governance—through identity-linked voting, quadratic mechanisms, or role-based permissions—introduce complexity and central control vectors that dilute the decentralization ethos altogether. The AVINOC project has wrestled with similar issues in aviation, where balancing operational practicality and governance inclusiveness remains unresolved.

Regulatory capture looms especially large in jurisdictions exploring blockchain for public sector deployment. In hybrid models, where governments retain override keys or back-door mutability, the supposed decentralization becomes performative. This duality breeds friction between compliance-driven stakeholders and the cryptographic finality demanded by trustless systems. Even well-intended state cooperation could gradually erode decentralization, pushing governance toward traditional bureaucratic inefficiencies.

Protocol upgrades compound the challenge. Most blockchain disaster recovery systems will necessitate frequent iteration in response to on-the-ground realities. Voting on upgrades—especially in permissionless settings—can stall during emergencies, while centralized rollouts undermine the claim of neutrality and resilience. Coordination breakdowns or stalled consensus, as seen in other chains undergoing contentious forks, could fragment mission-critical networks.

With these governance dilemmas unresolved, implementation frameworks must wrestle with the inevitability of trade-offs. Disaster recovery cannot afford latency from governance gridlock, but bending toward centralized efficiencies may leave communities vulnerable to unilateral failure points. In balancing these competing imperatives, governance design becomes more than a technical nuance—it’s the core reliability layer.

Next, we’ll dissect the engineering and scalability trade-offs essential for deploying blockchain infrastructure at mass scale during high-impact scenarios.

Part 6 – Scalability & Engineering Trade-Offs

Scalability Trade-Offs in Blockchain-Based Disaster Recovery Infrastructure

Implementing blockchain solutions at scale for disaster recovery introduces significant engineering and performance-related bottlenecks. While decentralized infrastructure offers censorship resistance and fault tolerance, operating across hundreds or thousands of nodes inherently limits transaction throughput, latency, and data propagation. These trade-offs become critical in real-time emergency scenarios where rapid execution matters.

One of the core design tensions lies in the trilemma: decentralization, security, and speed. Most traditional Layer 1 solutions—such as Ethereum’s proof-of-stake—sacrifice transaction speed when prioritizing validator diversity and immutability. In contrast, more performant chains that use Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS), such as those explored in AVINOC's governance model, offer faster finality but at the cost of increased centralization due to reliance on a limited set of validators.

Deploying smart contracts for disaster relief logistics or identity verification also presents limitations in environments with intermittent infrastructure. Lightweight consensus like Proof-of-Authority (PoA) could be better suited in localized, emergency-specific zones, yet PoA networks underperform on trustlessness — a key characteristic of public blockchains needed during times of societal stress.

Layer 2 rollups and sidechains give performance boosts, but present their own integration headaches. ZK rollups offer data integrity and compression but are complex to audit and implement. Meanwhile, optimistic rollups carry latency due to challenge periods—hardly ideal for emergency aid coordination where timing is everything. Also, bridging across Layer 1 and Layer 2 under extreme weather or infrastructure strain isn’t a solved problem, as outlined in The Hidden Challenges of Cross-Chain Interoperability.

On-chain data storage required for accountability, such as claims submission or inventory verification, is economically impractical under high gas fee conditions. Storing metadata off-chain, with verification hashes on-chain, introduces reliance on external storage—reopening the problem space of link rot, DDoS vulnerability, and centralization threats.

Additionally, validator incentivization must account for crisis-triggered network congestion. In extreme load conditions, performance degradation isn't solely technical—it's economic. Networks become unusable when fees spike and mempools bloat. Some users mitigate this by preemptively acquiring low-fee tokens on alternative chains through platforms like Binance to access parallel infrastructure—though this exposes jurisdiction and KYC-related issues.

These engineering dilemmas make apparent that no blockchain architecture is fully optimized for high-stakes disaster scenarios at scale without compromises. Understanding consensus trade-offs is essential before committing infrastructure to decentralized modalities.

Part 7 will shift focus to the regulatory and compliance risks associated with deploying blockchain in disaster contexts.

Part 7 – Regulatory & Compliance Risks

Blockchain and Disaster Recovery: The Legal Grey Zones That Threaten Adoption

While decentralized ledger systems promise unparalleled resilience for disaster recovery, the evolving regulatory landscape continues to be one of the most formidable barriers to implementation. Disaster recovery infrastructure typically relies on critical data flows, identity verification systems, and access provisioning mechanisms—all of which intersect heavily with jurisdictional, compliance, and regulatory concerns.

The cross-border nature of blockchain poses a fundamental challenge for governance. Nodes distributed across multiple territories subject the system to potentially conflicting regulations. For instance, while U.S. entities face strict requirements under the Bank Secrecy Act and OFAC sanctions, nodes operating in less-regulated jurisdictions could inadvertently violate those laws. This becomes more than a theoretical issue when blockchain is applied to emergency funding, disaster insurance payouts, or digital identity verification during crises.

A serious regulatory ambiguity lies in the application of the GDPR (and similar regulations) to immutable ledgers. The “right to be forgotten” contradicts blockchain's principle of data permanence. If a disaster recovery system on-chain includes personally identifiable information (PII), European regulators may deem it non-compliant. Efforts to circumvent this using encryption or off-chain storage introduce attack surfaces and re-introduce centralization risks.

Historically, government responses to blockchain innovation have leaned toward restriction during moments of perceived systemic risk. The 2017 ICO crackdown by the SEC and China's multiple bans on crypto-related services are precedents that can apply to decentralized disaster infrastructures, especially if tied to token incentives or DAO-managed funds. Should governments perceive these systems as bypassing state-controlled emergency networks or financial channels, swift intervention is likely.

Moreover, disaster recovery platforms attempting to issue or use utility or governance tokens could be caught in the regulatory dragnet targeting “digital assets” treated as securities. Without a unified global taxonomy for crypto assets, compliance becomes an unpredictable, jurisdiction-specific gamble—a risk that slows institutional participation and funding. Projects seen as offering financial incentives via governance mechanisms or staking may inadvertently trip existing securities laws under frameworks like the Howey Test.

These frictions parallel what’s been observed in other blockchain-heavy domains. For example, aviation projects like AVINOC have also faced scrutiny where governance automation intersects with regulatory interpretations of liability and national oversight. You can see a detailed exploration in AVINOC: Blockchain's Impact on Aviation Governance.

Compounding these complexities, disaster recovery often involves coordination with public institutions, NGOs, and intergovernmental bodies—many of which operate within compliance-heavy frameworks. Integration with decentralized systems that lack clear accountability hierarchies can be seen as non-conforming with procurement, auditability, or national emergency protocols.

Part 8 will explore the macroeconomic ramifications of decentralized disaster recovery systems—specifically their impact on capital allocation, insurance markets, and emergency fund transparency.

Part 8 – Economic & Financial Implications

Economic Disruption: Blockchain in Disaster Recovery and the High Stakes of Decentralized Finance

The infusion of blockchain into disaster recovery frameworks opens not only technical but immense economic fault lines. Current DR (Disaster Recovery) markets—dominated by insurance giants, state contractors, and centralized emergency logistics providers—could face existential shifts as tokenized mechanisms begin to crowd in. Rather than relying on opaque post-disaster reimbursements or insurance disbursements subject to bureaucratic fiat, decentralized claims processing and parametric smart contracts could reroute the entire capital flow.

While this disruption could drive efficiency through automation and censorship resistance, it also creates entry points for systemic misalignment. If parametric claim payouts become governed by automated oracles vulnerable to manipulation or downtime, the downstream liquidity risk could be underestimated—especially in regions prone to repeated climate events. For speculators, this opens up options not dissimilar to prediction markets, where capital can be deployed into region-specific disaster bonds tokenized on-chain. From an alpha-seeking standpoint, these instruments parallel emerging tools such as decentralized prediction markets, but here the payoff is tied to societal trauma—a trading frontier not without moral hazard.

Institutional investors testing ESG-themed crypto portfolios may be intrigued by programmable disaster relief tokens or investment-grade collateralized catastrophe bonds—assuming regulatory clarity. Yet the same institutions face exposure if multisig-controlled disaster response funds collapse under compromised governance. Developers, on the other hand, sit at both the bleeding edge of innovation and liability. Building securitized platforms to onboard governments or NGOs post-crisis demands continuous smart contract audits, especially when the cost of a failed deployment is human suffering, not just capital loss.

Traders may find ample opportunity in the volatility cycles preceding or following major DR events. Flash floods, wildfires, and earthquakes trigger predictable patterns in token activity on platforms tied to those regions or data streams. However, off-chain incident reporting remains a major attack vector. Oracle exploits can front-run liquidity shifts, faking disaster triggers and draining premium pools.

Tokenized resilience will likely birth new ETFs or DAO-managed portfolios targeting "climate volatility yield," but these portfolios could remain gated behind high-risk thresholds—a replay of the 2008 CDO debacle, only with blockchain primitives instead of real estate.

Ultimately, as capital coordinates around decentralized disaster intervention, we are also decentralizing the economic risks involved. Up next: the socio-philosophical implications of a world where disaster response, humanitarian aid, and survival itself become protocol-led.

Part 9 – Social & Philosophical Implications

Economic Disruption and Financial Risks of Blockchain-Enabled Disaster Recovery Systems

Blockchain integration in disaster recovery is not just a technological leap—it’s an economic disruptor. By shifting disaster response infrastructure to decentralized protocols, blockchain platforms could inadvertently challenge legacy insurance markets, logistics providers, and even national emergency funds. Traditional intermediaries—such as reinsurers and financial aid brokers—stand to lose market share to DAO-governed parametric insurance mechanisms or smart contract-based aid disbursements. The replication of these systems on-chain introduces new economic dynamics tied closely to tokenomics, liquidity provisioning, and validator economics.

For institutional investors, the entry of disaster-focused DeFi protocols into the market signals a dual opportunity: capitalizing on ESG-aligned public narratives while exploring uncorrelated sectors. However, this comes with stochastic risks, particularly if protocol revenue depends heavily on episodic events like hurricanes or earthquakes. This cyclical and unpredictable economic model can distort long-term yield assumptions.

Developers, particularly those building infrastructure on modular blockchains with cross-chain capabilities, could find new revenue streams by licensing APIs for disaster event data, integrating IoT oracles, or deploying decentralized coordination tools. Yet, economic sustainability remains questionable, especially if protocol funding relies solely on native token inflation. Without real-world adoption or meaningful integrations with state-level emergency services, these projects risk becoming yet another sector of over-tokenized, underutilized assets.

On the speculative side, traders may view disaster-recovery tokens as asymmetric bets on climate volatility. Token prices could spike in anticipation of natural disasters or have built-in volatility premiums based on seasonal forecasts. This creates a perverse incentive structure where positive ecosystem growth may correlate with negative human events—raising inherent ethical tensions in capital markets.

Stakeholder misalignment also extends to loss of sovereignty concerns. Nation-states reluctant to relinquish control of post-disaster fund deployment may clash with DAOs operating outside regulated jurisdictions. This could lead to regulatory arbitrage or enforcement actions, freezing assets locked in smart contracts, and destabilizing economic trust layers.

Economic coordination becomes even more problematic without robust interoperability between chains. As examined in this deep dive into cross-chain interoperability, fragmented ecosystems can hinder critical data relay during high-latency emergencies, undermining the very resilience blockchain aims to bolster.

As we explore how these economic shifts influence broader human values and systemic design, the social and philosophical dimensions of blockchain’s role in disaster recovery begin to surface—challenging traditional notions of ownership, trust, and accountability.

Part 10 – Final Conclusions & Future Outlook

Disaster Recovery on the Blockchain: Forecasts, Failures & Futures

The layered analysis across this series reveals an inescapable truth: while blockchain offers structural advantages for disaster recovery—immutability, redundancy, decentralized access—its implementation remains staggeringly underexplored. The promise is tangible, but realization hinges on more than just technical feasibility. Adoption will require systemic shifts in institutional trust, legal recognition, and usability standards.

In a best-case scenario, decentralized disaster recovery platforms become a normative layer within global emergency infrastructure. Governments and NGOs maintain parallel, tamper-proof data anchors across multi-network blockchain systems—civic records, geospatial intelligence, supply chain reconstructs—all syncable in real-time post-disaster. Communities own and maintain local nodes, resulting in autonomous recovery frameworks that resist central bureaucratic failure. Smart contracts offer automated disbursement of insurance triggers or relief funds, reducing failure points tied to inefficiency or corruption.

In a worst-case scenario? Disaster recovery simply absorbs DLT as a closed-loop enterprise solution, replicating centralized control in a blockchain-wrapped shell. Without on-chain interoperability or citizen-readability, monolithic systems buckle under geopolitical and technical friction. Regulatory hesitancy continues to treat on-chain coordination as illegitimate or untested, relegating blockchain integrations to proof-of-concept experiments without real-world resilience.

Several unanswered questions remain pivotal to this outcome. Can decentralized storage networks meet the uptime and cost guarantees required for high-stakes emergency tech? How will data sovereignty laws—especially in cross-border aid contexts—adapt or clash with permissionless infrastructure? And what governance standards can realistically support multi-jurisdictional disaster response without collapsing under consensus latency?

The road to mainstream adoption requires bridging cultural, legal, and infrastructural divides. Harmonized oracles, reliable identity attestation, and user interfaces that require no blockchain literacy—all are critical. Cross-sector buy-in is equally essential. Without collaboration across governments, blockchain teams, insurers, and global organizations, the architecture will remain fragile or fragmented.

The integration strategies seen in aviation governance—like those detailed in AVINOC: Blockchain's Impact on Aviation Governance—exemplify how high-stakes, centralized industries can slowly decentralize without collapsing operational workflows. Emergency infrastructure deserves that same ambition.

The final question, then, is this: Will blockchain-powered disaster recovery be remembered as a foundational expansion of what web3 was built to do—or as a brilliant but sidelined use case, buried beneath speculative utility and missed coordination windows?

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