Part 1 – Introducing the Problem

The Intriguing Intersection of Decentralized Identity and Blockchain: A Game Changer for Privacy and Security

Part 1 – Introducing the Problem

Decentralized identity (DID) is often hailed as a panacea for digital privacy and user autonomy, yet its integration with blockchain technology remains underexamined. At the core of the problem lies a fundamental tension: while blockchains excel at immutable transparency, identity systems must prioritize selective disclosure, revocability, and privacy—goals that seem mutually exclusive on the surface. This intrinsic misalignment has kept DID implementations either nascent or overly reliant on centralized bridges, defeating the original purpose of decentralization.

The problem becomes more daunting when viewed against the backdrop of self-sovereign identity (SSI) frameworks. These frameworks promise users ownership over personal data, yet implementation has lagged due to fragmented standards, lack of viable economic incentives, and infrastructural constraints. Blockchains have attempted to bolster DIDs by offering decentralized data registries, but on-chain storage of identity metadata often clashes with GDPR-like data erasure requirements. Even zero-knowledge proofs—while promising—are computationally expensive and still poorly supported across L1s and L2s.

Historically, identity validation in Web2 has centered on federated models—dominantly controlled by tech monoliths. Attempts to displace these models with token-based or credential-driven counterparts have typically devolved into siloed solutions, where ecosystem interoperability remains a persistent challenge. Moreover, trust anchors like government ID issuance rarely exist on-chain, raising thorny questions about the reliability of off-chain to on-chain identity assertions.

Compounding these issues is the absence of scalable, verifiable credential standards that maintain privacy without compromising auditability. Projects exploring DID solutions often wrestle with ensuring trust without creating centralized arbitrators. Even in advanced ecosystems like Hedera Hashgraph—where the consensus mechanism is optimized for fairness and throughput—DID integration remains nascent. Readers interested in Hedera’s unique architecture may find relevant insights in https://bestdapps.com/blogs/news/unraveling-hbar-the-future-of-distributed-ledgers, where distributed ledger properties that could enable or hinder DIDs are discussed in depth.

Altogether, the fragmented approach to identity in the crypto space—ranging from pseudonymous wallets to limited KYC bridges—has led to a half-built stack with major security debt. Identity, the supposed “first layer” before interaction, remains duct-taped into protocols instead of being built as a foundational layer. In a decentralized world that prizes trust minimization, this oversight carries systemic risk.

This raises an immediate question: how do we architect identity layers that are permissionless, private, and interoperable without compromising the ethos of decentralization?

Part 2 – Exploring Potential Solutions

Decentralized Identifiers and Blockchain Layering: An Analytical Breakdown of Technical Solutions

The fragmented nature of digital identity management has given rise to multiple theoretical frameworks—all vying to provide decentralized identity (DID) at scale with verifiable privacy. At the technical core, Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs), Verifiable Credentials (VCs), and self-sovereign identity (SSI) systems form the backbone of most proposed solutions. Yet their real power, and limitations, emerge only in how they integrate with blockchain layers.

DID Methods on Public Blockchains

The W3C DID specification allows for namespace diversity, letting developers interpret DID methods across ledgers. Ethereum-based DID methods like ethr: leverage smart contracts to register and resolve identity metadata. Their strengths lie in customization and composability within Ethereum’s large ecosystem. However, cost and throughput limitations—especially for metadata-heavy interactions—frequently hinder adoption.

Fixed-fee networks such as Hedera Hashgraph offer an alternative. Hedera’s consensus service can anchor identity state changes reliably and timestamp verifiable credentials at a low and predictable fee structure. Its hashgraph model avoids the limitations of block gas limits while still offering finality. Despite these efficiencies, criticisms of Hedera's permissioned nature and centralized governance introduce questions of ideological fit. For more on Hedera’s structure, see https://bestdapps.com/blogs/news/hedaras-roadmap-pioneering-the-future-of-blockchain.

Privacy-Preserving Cryptography

Zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) are increasingly embedded in identity protocols to protect user data. Projects like zkSync and Polygon ID utilize ZKPs to enable selective disclosure of attributes without revealing the full data set. For example, a user can prove age eligibility without sharing their exact birthdate. While the cryptographic rigor is high, challenges remain in terms of performance. Producing and verifying ZKPs in mobile environments remains computationally intensive, hampering seamless UX.

Interoperability Engines

Projects such as ION (built on Bitcoin) aim for layered anchoring and resolution, decoupling identity operations from ledger overhead. ION’s use of Sidetree protocol avoids smart contracts, focusing solely on document anchoring and resolution via IPFS and Bitcoin. The advantage: resilience. The drawback: minimal interactivity. Without smart contract logic, permission revocation, credential expiration, and cross-platform communication become manual or externally managed.

Identity Attestation Layers

Reputation-oriented attestation models like Proof of Humanity or BrightID attempt to bootstrap trust through social graphs and community validation. While these improve Sybil-resistance, they introduce acute vulnerability to collusion and subjective gatekeeping, making them unsuitable for critical applications like health or banking identity frameworks.

Parts of these solutions are complementary; others are incompatible by design. In the next section, we’ll examine which combinations have actually made it past pilot stage into live production environments.

Part 3 – Real-World Implementations

Real-World Implementations: Case Studies in Decentralized Identity on Blockchain

The convergence of decentralized identity (DID) protocols and blockchain networks has transitioned from theory to experimental applications. Several infrastructures have emerged, each tackling the persistent friction between self-sovereign identity, scalability, and compliance. Among them, Sovrin, uPort, Civic, and Hedera Hashgraph-fueled initiatives have produced a mixed track record—solutions that are ambitious but often meet the harsh reality of decentralized infrastructure’s limitations.

Sovrin, built atop Hyperledger Indy, is a purpose-built DID network that leverages a permissioned ledger to establish verifiable credentials. While technically mature in its use of W3C-compliant DID standards and credential schemas, adoption struggles due to its dependency on trust frameworks that require off-chain governance constructs. That compromise—necessary for legal interoperability—ironically reintroduces a degree of centralization, undermining the ethos of its decentralized goals. Even with validator nodes operated by reputable stewardship organizations, maintaining incentives for ongoing operation remains an unresolved challenge due to its non-tokenized economic layer.

uPort, initially developed on Ethereum by ConsenSys, provided a DID wallet and identity manager utilizing smart contracts. However, it faced considerable gas cost barriers for both onboarding and credential verification. Identity operations, being transaction-heavy, caused friction in UX and affordability—issues magnified during network congestion. These constraints revealed the impracticality of Layer 1 Ethereum as a backbone for mass-market identity applications, leading to uPort's pivot into Veramo, a framework that is blockchain-agnostic.

On the scalability frontier, Hedera Hashgraph presents an alternative architecture. Its asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerance (aBFT) and gossip-about-gossip protocol offer throughput critical for identity events such as credential issuance and revocation registries. Projects exploring Hedera for identity systems emphasize its capacity for timestamping and consensus without high fees. Yet its governing council model—while ensuring stability—elicits criticism for perceived centralization, a tension explored further in https://bestdapps.com/blogs/news/critiques-of-hedera-hashgraph-a-deep-dive.

Civic’s consumer-focused identity platform attempts to create trust between users and businesses using biometrics and on-chain attestations. However, its dependency on biometric solutions introduces privacy and data minimization concerns. Moreover, the challenge of credential revocation remains: once a claim is issued to the blockchain, revoking or updating it without compromising user anonymity is non-trivial.

Each implementation surfaces a consistent friction point—balancing decentralization with compliance, speed, and user privacy. While technological components like Verifiable Credentials, DIDs, and distributed consensus are maturing, harmonizing them into coherent architectures remains elusive. This persistent challenge sets the tone for the deeper analysis of this space’s long-term viability and transformative potential.

Part 4 – Future Evolution & Long-Term Implications

Evolution of Decentralized Identity: Scalability, Interoperability, and Blockchain Synergies

The long-term viability of decentralized identity (DID) hinges on overcoming several architectural bottlenecks. Chief among them are the performance limitations of underlying Layer 1s. For self-sovereign identity frameworks to scale globally, decentralized identifiers (DIDs), verifiable credentials (VCs), and identity wallets must become lightweight, interoperable, and capable of seamless integration with heterogeneous blockchain ecosystems.

Emerging scalability solutions are being prototyped across protocols, from off-chain resolution layers to zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) for selective disclosure. ZKPs provide a compelling pathway for identity verification without compromising data confidentiality. While zk-SNARKs have proven their utility in private transactions, their adaptation for credential status validation introduces added latency and complexity that needs resolution for real-time authentication systems.

Several networks are already exploring identity-native consensus mechanisms. Hedera Hashgraph, for instance, offers tamper-proof timestamping and asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerance (aBFT), which can streamline credential revocation registries and ensure real-time issuance traceability. The gossip-about-gossip protocol presents a non-linear scalability model that minimizes network congestion under high throughput, potentially making Hedera a strong candidate for running decentralized public key infrastructures (DPKIs). For a deeper technical breakdown, see https://bestdapps.com/blogs/news/unraveling-hbar-the-future-of-distributed-ledgers.

Another frontier is cross-chain credential portability. Without a standardized meta-schema or trusted credential relay mechanism, users remain locked within ecosystem silos. Projects like W3C’s DID Core spec and decentralized communication protocols (like DIDComm and Aries RFCs) are nudging the industry toward universal interoperability. The friction lies in governance: who defines the canonical identity models across disparate chains?

Tokenization of reputation systems may catalyze a new class of on-chain identity assets, tightly integrated with DeFi access control, DAO governance, and even real-world KYC compliance. But this opens a regulatory paradox. While the tech aims to eliminate centralized gatekeepers, tying identity to programmable value also risks embedding systemic bias or enabling blacklisting mechanisms under the guise of "compliance."

Finally, machine-readable trust layers and AI-driven identity agents are gaining attention. Autonomous agents leveraging decentralized identity stacks could facilitate persistent, privacy-preserving identity negotiation in a multi-chain world. However, securing multi-agent interactions across untrusted networks remains a difficult cryptographic and UX problem.

As decentralized identity infrastructure expands into these domains, its governance models will face increasing scrutiny. Who steers updates to DID methods? Who arbitrates interoperability standards? These challenges are inseparable from the broader questions of decentralization, consensus authority, and stakeholder influence.

Part 5 – Governance & Decentralization Challenges

Governance Risks and Decentralization Trade-Offs in Blockchain-Based Identity Systems

Decentralized identity (DID) frameworks, while promising enhanced privacy and user control, face significant hurdles rooted in governance and decentralization itself. Protocol-level decisions about trust anchors, credential revocation, and identity resolution inevitably concentrate power—sometimes by design, sometimes by neglect. The assumption that decentralization inherently leads to fair consensus often collides with complex realities of incentive misalignment, political dynamics, and infrastructure centrality.

A core challenge is the governance model underpinning DID networks. Proof-of-authority systems can devolve quickly into oligarchies, where a few entities control identity validation, undermining the very promise of user sovereignty. Even in more distributed systems, like those utilizing token-based governance, we encounter plutocratic tendencies. Token-weighted voting mechanisms risk consolidating power in the hands of large stakeholders or VCs, who may prioritize network value accrual over identity privacy.

Attacks on governance—whether from within via coordinated voting blocks, or externally via regulatory coercion—pose existential threats. A notable example is "regulatory capture" where state actors or corporate lobbying influences network direction to enforce KYC mandates or backdoor access. Ironically, a system built to decentralize identity can be re-centralized by subtle shifts in consensus dynamics or validator control.

Validator selection mechanisms exacerbate these tensions. For example, networks tied to permissioned nodes or fixed member councils, such as in certain enterprise-grade ledgers, start from a governance configuration that inherently limits decentralization. This raises questions about who certifies identity issuers and how unlinkability or pseudonymity is preserved when trusted parties can be pressured or infiltrated.

The fragmentation of DID standards—W3C's DIDs, Sovrin, uPort, and others—has also led to competing visions of governance. Cross-platform interoperability necessitates governance consensus that is difficult to achieve in a trustless environment. This lack of interoperability may stall adoption or steer users toward the most convenient, rather than most decentralized, solution.

For those interested in examining real-world implementations of governance at scale, Decoding Hederas Innovative Governance Model provides insight into how a council-based approach attempts to balance decentralization with operational stability. Whether such a hybrid model is viable for decentralized identity remains an open question.

With the foundation of governance challenges explored, Part 6 will examine the scalability limitations and engineering trade-offs required to make decentralized identity viable for global, everyday use.

Part 6 – Scalability & Engineering Trade-Offs

Scalability and Engineering Trade-Offs in Decentralized Identity on Blockchain

Implementing decentralized identity (DID) at scale introduces a complex triad of trade-offs—decentralization, security, and transaction throughput. These factors are in constant tension, and engineering choices heavily influence which objectives are prioritized.

At the protocol layer, public blockchains most often face bottlenecks in throughput due to consensus models designed for trust minimization. Ethereum's reliance on Proof of Stake (PoS) offers modest scalability improvements over Proof of Work (PoW), but still faces latency challenges when handling frequent identity verifications, revocations, or credential updates. Even with L2 solutions, the trust assumptions and off-chain dependencies distort the purist decentralization model that DIDs require for true self-sovereignty.

By contrast, permissioned models like Hedera Hashgraph offer higher throughput and finality thanks to its asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerance (aBFT) protocol. However, this performance comes with criticisms. Control is distributed among a fixed number of governing council nodes, raising questions around the actual decentralization of identity issuance and management processes. For deeper analysis on Hedera's consensus model, see https://bestdapps.com/blogs/news/decoding-hederas-innovative-governance-model.

Another bottleneck involves data storage. On-chain storage of identity data—even when hashed or encrypted—poses long-term scalability issues. Storage bloat, state size growth, and cost of retrieval on-chain make a purely distributed storage model unrealistic. Engineers are forced into hybrid architectures using IPFS or off-chain trusted stores, sacrificing immutability or introducing availability concerns.

Libp2p, Waku, and other P2P transport layers help alleviate synchronous messaging issues during credential verification. But integrating these layers requires higher network complexity and introduces new failure modes. Latency becomes unpredictable in low-bandwidth environments—critical for identity presentation in real-time services.

Lastly, smart contract logic used in identity interactions must balance gas efficiency and attack surface. Optimizing for gas cost often results in brittle, minimal implementations that underperform in access control or revocation scenarios. Conversely, robust contracts introduce added complexity and potential for vulnerabilities, especially in cross-chain DID interactions.

Speed-focused chains often leverage DAGs or novel architectures, which in turn impose limits on composability and ecosystem interoperability. Solutions like Hedera are promising but not free of critique—explored further in https://bestdapps.com/blogs/news/critiques-of-hedera-hashgraph-a-deep-dive.

Engineering for identity is not an optimization problem with a single answer, but rather a series of informed compromises. Where decentralization is non-negotiable, latency and resource use suffer. Where speed is paramount, trust assumptions often deepen.

Part 7 will examine how these architectural decisions intersect with legal frameworks, posing regulatory and compliance risks.

Part 7 – Regulatory & Compliance Risks

Regulatory & Compliance Risks in Blockchain-Based Decentralized Identity Systems

As decentralized identity (DID) frameworks converge with blockchain technology, regulatory ambiguity emerges as one of the most formidable barriers to adoption. Unlike centralized identity systems, which fall under well-established legal frameworks, DIDs challenge core regulatory assumptions—particularly about data custodianship, accountability, and jurisdiction.

A key legal challenge lies in defining liability. In distributed networks where data is cryptographically anchored to blockchains, authorities struggle to assign responsibility in the event of misuse, data breaches, or non-compliance. For example, if a self-sovereign identity stored on a permissionless ledger is used for KYC (Know Your Customer) purposes and leads to fraud, who bears the accountability? The protocol’s developers? The validator nodes? The end user?

Jurisdictional fragmentation adds another layer of complexity. Legal frameworks such as the EU’s GDPR and the U.S.’s sector-specific privacy laws have divergent requirements around data portability, immutability, and the "right to be forgotten." These conflict directly with blockchain’s inherent permanence. A pseudonymous DID credential anchored on-chain could be compliant in one country while violating data minimization principles in another. Multi-region rollouts are therefore mired in prolonged legal audits, limiting scalability.

Further complicating matters are historical actions taken by regulatory agencies in the blockchain space, offering cautionary tales. U.S. agencies like the SEC have repeatedly cracked down on protocols under securities laws, even when regulatory clarity was lacking. These precedents suggest that DID networks, particularly if tokens are involved, could be retroactively classified under unwanted jurisdictions or new regulatory categories—an existential risk for projects already deployed on-chain.

Moreover, anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terrorist financing (CTF) requirements may be incompatible with self-sovereign identity systems that prioritize user anonymity or data minimization. Law enforcement agencies expect identity systems to enable audit trails and disclosure upon request. This expectation stands in stark contrast with systems where users control their own attributes and choose what to share, when, and with whom.

Government intervention via backdoored protocols or forced integration with national ID systems also looms large. The potential for coercing decentralized networks into national surveillance infrastructures undermines the very ethos that made blockchain-based identity attractive in the first place. These concerns echo critiques of governance centralization and permissioned models, such as those highlighted in Hedera’s ecosystem—see https://bestdapps.com/blogs/news/critiques-of-hedera-hashgraph-a-deep-dive.

Up next, we’ll explore how these regulatory uncertainties ripple into economic impacts—affecting venture capital flows, enterprise adoption, and the emerging data economy that DID could fundamentally reshape.

Part 8 – Economic & Financial Implications

The Economic Disruption of Decentralized Identity: Winners, Losers, and New Markets

The implementation of decentralized identity (DID) via blockchain protocols introduces a shift in the economic architecture of digital authentication, potentially disintermediating incumbents in the identity verification sector—credit bureaus, KYC providers, login-as-a-service platforms—all of whom currently monetize data brokerage and user profiling. As DID standards gain traction, these legacy revenue models face obsolescence.

On the flip side, DID introduces fertile ground for new tokenized business models. Startup protocols that offer infrastructure for identity attestation, reputation scoring, and privacy-preserving verification could capture significant market share in the digital services stack. A decentralized LinkedIn or credit-scoring system, underpinned by verifiable credentials, not only redefines identity itself but also carves out novel DeFi integrations—enabling undercollateralized lending, Sybil-resistant airdrops, and programmable compliance.

Institutional investors are already positioned at a complex junction. Traditional VCs may face uncertainty evaluating such investments due to the inherently unorthodox monetization of identity frameworks, especially in ecosystems where the protocol token is not the sole driver of value. Public networks like Hedera Hashgraph, which tout native support for DID and granular data permissions, may appeal to long-term equity-aligned investors over short-term token speculators. For deeper insights into Hedera's governance and its implications for enterprise-grade identity systems, see this analysis.

Developers, meanwhile, stand to benefit substantially—though not without risk. While building DID layers onto existing infrastructures (wallets, web3 dApps, and marketplaces) may increase trust, adoption often lags due to the UX complexity of zero-knowledge proofs and key management. Reputation-based identity demands frequent validation, creating ongoing costs and dependencies on oracles or multi-party verification protocols that aren't yet fully battle-tested. Fragmentation of identity standards—W3C, DIDs, Verifiable Credentials—could also create interoperability bottlenecks.

Traders should not overlook that tokenomics tied to DID ecosystems may be less reflexively volatile than those driven primarily by yield farming or L2 scaling narratives. Utility-driven DID tokens—used for staking, validation, or governance—could foster more organic demand. However, they may simultaneously suffer from lower liquidity or unclear regulatory classification, increasing the systemic risk in balancing portfolios across sectors.

Ultimately, DID introduces financial ambiguity and narrative disruptiveness. It doesn't align neatly with existing market archetypes—it creates new ones. How societies absorb these changes, and whether decentralization amplifies or undermines social cohesion, will be explored in the next section focusing on the social and philosophical ramifications of identity on-chain.

Part 9 – Social & Philosophical Implications

Economic Disruption and New Incentive Models in the Decentralized Identity Ecosystem

The adoption of decentralized identity (DID) frameworks built on blockchain infrastructure threatens to upend major economic sectors—not just data brokerage and digital marketing. Any market reliant on identity verification, credit scoring, or user data aggregation faces structural upheaval as control over identity assets shifts from corporations to individuals.

In the traditional Web2 world, identity is monetized by intermediaries. Banks, insurance firms, and ad-tech platforms invest heavily in KYC/AML, customer onboarding, and real-time data analysis. DID eliminates many of these repetitive processes, introducing cost efficiencies—but it also dismantles entrenched revenue models. For example, if a user-controlled identity wallet carries verified, cryptographic proof of education, creditworthiness, and residency, onboarding friction for a fintech app becomes negligible. This disintermediation could reduce compliance costs but simultaneously erode the business models of identity verification firms and credit bureaus.

From an investment standpoint, tokenized identity layers (whether native or anchored to existing chains) create new vectors for capital deployment. Institutional investors may seek exposure through identity-layer protocols that specialize in verifiable credentials, decentralized attestations, or privacy-preserving zk-proofs. Early-stage capital is already flowing into projects developing standards for Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) and verifiable credentials interoperability. However, these opportunities carry regulatory headwinds—especially when tokens are paired with personal data storage or usage incentives, raising flags around data sovereignty and compliance.

Developers building DID-enabled dApps face unique challenges in monetization routes that honor user sovereignty. Embedding monetized credential issuance, staking mechanisms for identity verification, or token-curated registries may create incentive alignment—but also increase complexity and fragmentation across chains. Notably, networks like Hedera are experimenting with identity-native data flow, as explored in https://bestdapps.com/blogs/news/hbar-revolutionizing-data-management-in-blockchain, offering a framework where decentralized identities directly interact with tamper-proof enterprise data layers.

Traders, meanwhile, will need to reassess valuation metrics for identity-centric tokens. Unlike DeFi assets with transparent TVL and yield mechanics, DID tokens are often tied to governance or protocol utility, not direct revenue. Market sentiment may fluctuate wildly, especially when adoption is bottlenecked by legal frameworks, UI/UX maturity, and institutional support.

Ironically, sovereignty over personal data may come at the cost of liquidity and composability in financial markets. Credential portability could create data-rich micro-economies that remain siloed due to privacy controls or incompatible standards. In that sense, the DID revolution is economic fragmentation masquerading as empowerment—challenging for users, yet enticing for builders bold enough to bridge those gaps.

Next, we’ll explore the societal and philosophical implications of giving users sovereign control over their digital identities.

Part 10 – Final Conclusions & Future Outlook

The Future of Decentralized Identity on Blockchain: Between Paradigm Shift and Cautionary Tale

With the final thread of our exploration unraveled, it’s clear that decentralized identity (DID) backed by blockchain presents a nuanced, high-stakes transformation. The interplay between personal sovereignty, zero-knowledge authentication, and immutable ledgers offers aircraft-grade security for digital identity—but at warp-speed, full-throttle complexity.

The best-case scenario hinges on interoperability and robust decentralized infrastructure. If protocols like DIDComm mature alongside adoption of chain-agnostic identity registries, we could witness a seismic shift. KYC and SSO as we know them could collapse into native Web3 experiences, integrating seamlessly with zk-proofs and verifiable credentials. This would make onboarding smoother, safer, and more privacy-preserving than ever. In this scenario, users remain in full control while systems enforce integrity sans trusted intermediaries—a holy grail for zero-trust architecture.

The worst-case? Walled gardens by enterprise identity consortiums that build silos with the facade of decentralization. Think pseudo-DIDs controlled by corporate validators on permissioned chains. Also, if decentralized identifiers become vector points for metadata correlation or on-chain activity profiling, DID tech may inadvertently expose users to new surveillance paradigms under a different moniker. Token-incentivized behavior may also distort purposes, driving sybil attacks and watering down trust frameworks meant to uphold integrity.

Adoption bottlenecks remain serious. Standards like W3C DIDs and Verifiable Credentials are still young, and cross-ecosystem deployment is fragmented. For DID to go mainstream, the trust triangle between issuers, holders, and verifiers must scale past niche consortia and integrate into real-world identity networks—healthcare, finance, or even decentralized supply chains. Hedera’s work on decentralized workflows in transparent logistics is one promising parallel use case. For deeper insight, see The Overlooked Role of Blockchain in Creating Transparent and Accountable Supply Chains.

Several questions remain unanswered. Who arbitrates revoked credentials? What happens when DID documents are maliciously updated due to compromised keys? And, critically, how do legal frameworks address accountability when identity becomes stateless and code-enforced? Each of these challenges could make or break practical adoption, especially outside crypto-native zones.

As chains evolve into decentralized execution environments, identity infrastructure becomes the control plane. That control, however, must be wielded cautiously. Will decentralized identity become the backbone of Web3 and user data sovereignty—or will it be filed away as another over-engineered privacy promise, eclipsed by simpler, centralized conveniences?

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